Master of American History and Government

Ashland University

AHG 504B:

Civil War and Reconstruction

Sunday, July 20 to Friday, July 25, 2008

Instructors: David Raney and Matthew Norman

This course examines political, military, and social aspects of the Civil War, with a particular emphasis upon the causes and consequences of the costliest conflict in our history. Lincoln's rise to prominence, his role as president, and a close reading of some of his most significant writings will serve as major components of the course. We will also analyze the Reconstruction era and continuing legacy of the War.

Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

• understand how the Civil War and Reconstruction have shaped the political and social consciousness of Americans down to our day.
• understand the social and political conditions that produced and sustained this conflict from the 1840s to 1865.
• understand the causes that impelled individuals to take up arms for or against the United States, most importantly the arguments for and against secession.
• understand the political and military objectives of the United States and the Confederacy, the strategies of both sides, and how military strategy related to political goals in the conduct of the war.
• understand the political, economic and strategic factors affecting both sides in the conflict, including the fate of civil liberties in time of war.
• understand the contributions of civilians on the home front to the war efforts of the United States and the Confederacy.
• understand the role of emancipation as a political-military policy and its consequences for both the war and Reconstruction policy.
• understand the role of black soldiers in the war.
• understand the social and political consequences of the war and Reconstruction.

Requirements:

• Students will submit a fifteen-page research paper/essay on an approved topic. The paper is due no later than two weeks after the end of the course (August 8, 2008).

• Roy P. Basler, ed., Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings (Da Capo Press reprint edition, 2001)

• Ira Berlin, et al., eds., Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 1998)

• David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Harvard University Press, 2001)

• Charles B. Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (University of Virginia Press, 2001)

• Mark W. Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War (Cambridge University Press, 1997)

• Robert W. Johannsen and Wendy Hamand Venet, eds., The Union in Crisis: 1850-1877 (Copley Publishing Group, 2003)

• Louis P. Masur, ed., "…the real war will never get in the books": Selections from Writers During the Civil War (Oxford University Press, 1993)

• Kenneth M. Stampp, ed., The Causes of the Civil War (Touchstone Books, 1992)

• Course Packet ("CP") of additional reading materials. These materials are required texts for your course.

Note: Students are expected to read Blight's Race and Reunion and Stampp's The Causes of the Civil War before arriving at Ashland for this course.

• Supplemental Course Packet (SCP)
• Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution (Harper & Row, 1988)

• Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (Charles L. Webster & Co., 1885-86)

• Allen Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (Simon and Schuster, 2004)

• Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (Vintage, 1998)

• Archer Jones, Civil War Command & Strategy: The Process of Victory and Defeat (Free Press, 1992) [out of print]

• James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1988)

• James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (Oxford University Press, 1997)

• Earl Schenck Miers, ed., When the World Ended: The Diary of Emma LeConte (University of Nebraska Press, 1987)

• Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (Oxford University Press, 1991)

• William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman (D. Appleton & Co., 1875)

• Joel H. Silbey, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860-1868 (Norton, 1977) [out of print]

Sunday, July 20

4:30 - 6:00pm:
Session 1 – The Legacy of the Civil War and Reconstruction (Professors Raney and Norman)

Focus:

There are many ways of remembering the Civil War. We see these in movies, Civil War art, and questions concerning the display of the Confederate flag. How do these different ways of remembering the war affect our views of the contemporary United States? How have historians interpreted the Civil War and Reconstruction?

Required Readings:

• Edward L. Ayers, "Worrying About the Civil War" and "Exporting Reconstruction" in Ayers, What Caused the Civil War (W.W. Norton, 2005) (CP p. 5)
• Blight, Race and Reunion
• Dew, Apostles of Disunion, ch. 1
• Paludan, "A People's Contest," 441-470 (CP p. 33)

Recommended Reading:

• Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic

7:30 - 9:00pm:
Session 2 – Ashbrook Lecture (Attendance Required)

Monday, July 21

9:00 - 10:30am:
Session 3 – The Impending Crisis (Professor Norman)

Focus:

There were many social, political, economic, and technological forces at work during the antebellum period. What were some of them and how did they contribute to the crisis that led to the dissolution of the Union?

Required Readings:

• The Union in Crisis, Chapters 1-7
• James Henry Hammond, Speech on the Lecompton Constitution in the U.S. Senate, March 4, 1858 (CP p. 51)
• Samuel A. Cartwright, "Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race" (CP p. 61)

Recommended Reading:

• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, chs. 1-5

10:45am - 12:15pm:
Session 4 – The Rise of Abraham Lincoln (Professor Norman)

Focus:

What enabled Abraham Lincoln to rise from relative obscurity and become the presidential nominee of the Republican Party in 1860? What was his solution to the crisis over slavery? Were his attacks upon slavery, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott Decision motivated by ideological conviction or personal ambition?

Required Readings:

• Basler, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings
  • Eulogy of Henry Clay, July 6, 1852, 264-278
  • Fragments on Slavery, [July 1, 1854?], 278-79
  • Editorial in Illinois State Journal, Sept. 11, 1854, 281-82
  • Speech at Peoria, Oct. 16, 1854, 283-325
  • Letter to Elihu B. Washburne, Feb. 9, 1855, 326-28
  • Letter to George Robertson, Aug. 15, 1855, 330-32
  • Letter to Joshua F. Speed, Aug. 24, 1855, 332-36
  • Speech on Dred Scott Decision, June 26, 1857, 352-66
  • "House Divided" Speech, June 16, 1858, 372-382
  • On Slavery and Democracy, [August 1, 1858?], 427
  • Speech at Chicago, July 10, 1858, 385-405
  • Letter to Henry Asbury, July 31, 1858, 425
  • Fragments on Slavery, [1858?], 427, 477
  • Letter to James N. Brown, Oct. 18, 1858, 478-79
  • Last Speech in Campaign, Oct. 30, 1858, 480-481
  • Letter to Henry Asbury, Nov. 19, 1858, 482
  • Letter to Anson G. Henry, Nov. 19, 1858, 482
  • Letter to Charles H. Ray, Nov. 20, 1858, 482
  • Letter to Lyman Trumbull, Dec. 11, 1858, 486-88
  • Letter to Henry L. Pierce and others, April 6, 1859, 488-90
  • Letter to Salmon P. Chase, June 9 and June 20, 1859, 491-492
  • Speech at Cooper Institute, Feb. 27, 1860, 517-39

Recommended Reading:

• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, chs. 6-7
• Basler, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings
• Speech at Springfield, July 17, 1858, 405-424
• Speech at Milwaukee Agricultural Society, Sept. 30, 1859, 493-505

2:00 - 3:30pm:
Session 5 – Causes of the War (Professor Raney)

Focus:

What were the causes that impelled southerners to break up the Union in 1860? Was the Civil War an "irrepressible conflict? Why or why not?

Required Reading:

• Stampp, The Causes of the Civil War

Recommended Reading:

• Eric Foner, "The Causes of the Civil War: Recent Interpretations and New Directions," Civil War History 20 (September 1974), 197-214 (SCP p. 5)

Tuesday, July 22

9:00 - 10:30am:
Session 6 – The Rights and Wrongs of Secession (Professor Raney)

Focus:

In 1776, Americans invoked the right of revolution as the basis of their separation from Britain. What was the basis of Southern secession? How did it differ from the claims advanced by Americans in 1776? Did secession have to lead to war? Why wasn't the South allowed to secede peacefully, as Horace Greeley advocated?

Required Readings:

• Dew, Apostles of Disunion
• Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, Chapter 1
• Jefferson Davis, Inaugural Address, February 18, 1861 (CP p. 67)
• Basler, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings
  • Lincoln to George T. M. Davis, Oct. 27, 1860, 563-64
  • Lincoln to William Kellogg, Dec. 11, 1860, 565-66
  • Lincoln to Alexander H. Stephens, Dec. 22, 1860, 567-68
  • Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, 579-90
  • Lincoln, Message to Congress, July 4, 1861, 594-609
• Alexander H. Stephens, The "Cornerstone" Speech (CP p. 71)
• Mayor Wood's Recommendation of the Secession of New York City (CP p. 77)
• Platform of the Alabama Democracy (CP p. 81)
• Democratic Platform, 1860—Douglas Faction (CP p. 83)
• Democratic Platform, 1860—Breckinridge Faction (CP p. 85)
• Republican Platform, 1860 (CP p. 87)
• The Justifying Cause of Secession (CP p. 91)
• Declaration of Causes of Seceding States (CP p. 99)
• Ordinances of Secession (CP p. 109)

Recommended Reading:

• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, chs. 8-9
• Lincoln, Proclamation Calling for Militia and Convening Congress, April 15, 1861 (SCP p. 25)

10:45am - 12:15pm:
Session 7 – Civil War Diplomacy (Professor Raney)

Focus:

The Founders believed that a strong union was necessary for republican government to succeed in America. President Lincoln strived to prevent European powers from exploiting the rebellion for the purposes of discrediting republican government and expanding their power in the Western Hemisphere. How did his administration keep the great powers at bay? What were the conflicting views among and within the great powers (especially Great Britain) about the American Civil War? What problems of international law did the unclear "nature of the war" present?

Required Readings:

• Abraham Lincoln, Exchange with Manchester Workingmen, January 19, 1863 (CP p. 119)
• Lincoln, Resolution on Slavery prepared for John Bright, [April 1863] (CP p. 121)
• William H. Seward to Charles F. Adams, May 21, 1861 (CP p. 123)
• William H. Seward to William L. Dayton, June 17, 1861 (CP p. 125)
• Norman Graebner, "Northern Diplomacy and European Neutrality," in Why the North Won the Civil War, 55-78 (CP p. 131)
• Henry Blumenthal, "Confederate Diplomacy: Popular Notions and International Realities," Journal of Southern History 32 (1966), 151-71 (CP p. 145)
• Max Beloff, "Great Britain and the American Civil War," History 37 (1952), 40-48 (CP p. 167)
• Josiah Herndon, "British Sympathies," Journal of Southern History 33 (1967), 356-67 (CP p. 171)

Recommended Reading:

• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, ch. 18

2:00 - 3:30pm:
Session 8 – From Limited War To Total War and Emancipation: 1861-1863 (Professor Norman)

Focus:

The war began with the sole purpose of preserving the Union. Although there were many bloody battles in 1861-62, most historians argue that the objectives of the war were still limited. During the second year of the war, Lincoln began to formulate a more expansive view of war aims that included the ultimate extinction of slavery. What did the Emancipation Proclamation accomplish, given the fact that it applied only to areas that were not under Union authority? What were Lincoln's motives for issuing the Proclamation and what was the impact of his decision to accept African Americans into the army?

Required Readings:

• Berlin, et al., eds., Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War
• Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, Chapters 2-6
• Crittenden-Johnson Resolution (CP)
• Frederick Douglass, "Our Work is Not Done" (CP p. 187)
• Lincoln Documents:
  • Letter to John C. Fremont, Sept. 11, 1861 (CP p. 193)
  • Letter to Orville H. Browning, Sept. 22, 1861, Basler, 613-615
  • Drafts of Bill for Compensated Emancipation in Delaware, Nov. 1861 (CP p. 195)
  • Message to Congress, March 6, 1862 (CP p. 197)
  • Letter to Henry J. Raymond, March 9, 1862 (CP p. 199)
  • Message to Congress, April 16, 1862, Basler, 640
  • Proclamation Revoking General Hunter's Emancipation Order, May 19, 1862 (CP p. 201)
  • George B. McClellan to Lincoln, July 7, 1862 (CP p. 203)
  • Appeal to Border State Representatives, July 12, 1862 (CP p. 205)
  • Address on Colonization, Aug. 14, 1862 (CP p. 207)
  • Letter to Horace Greeley, Aug. 22, 1862, Basler, 651-53
  • Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862 (CP p. 211)
  • Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 1, 1862, Basler, 666-88
  • Final Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. 1, 1863, Basler, 689-92
  • Letter to Andrew Johnson, March 26, 1863, Basler, 694
  • Letter to Salmon P. Chase, Sept. 2, 1863 (CP p. 215)
  • Order of Retaliation, July 30, 1863 (CP p. 217)

Recommended Readings:

• Allen Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, chs. 10-13, 15-22
• McPherson, For Cause and Comrades, 3-116
• Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy, 1-180

Wednesday, July 23

9:00 - 10:30am:
Session 9 – The Home Front and the "Real War" (Professor Raney)

Focus:

Years after the Civil War ended, Walt Whitman opined that "the real war will never get in the books." What was the "real war" to Whitman? How did other literary figures of the era react to the war? How did Northern and Southern civilians support their respective war efforts?

Required Readings:

• Drew Gilpin Faust, "Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War," Journal of American History 76 (March, 1990), 1200-28 (CP p. 221)
• Johannsen and Venet, eds., The Union in Crisis, Chapters 12 & 14
• Masur, "…the real war will never get in the books," vii-x, 19-37, 57-97, 161-179, 213-233, 253-281
• David A. Raney, "In the Lord's Army: The United States Christian Commission, Soldiers, and the Union War Effort," in Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, eds., Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments (Fordham University Press, 2002), 263-292 (CP p. 251)

10:45am - 12:15pm:
Session 10 – Domestic Politics in the North (Professor Norman)

Focus:

Victory in the Civil War required Lincoln to maintain the unity and dominance of the Republican Party. The war also facilitated monumental changes in national policy, reviving the Federalist-Whig agenda of economic nationalism. How did Lincoln and the Republicans maintain public support for their policies? What opposition challenged them? How did the American political economy develop during the war?

Required Readings:

• Clement L. Vallandigham, Speech in Congress on Conduct of War, Jan. 14, 1863
• Lincoln Documents:
  • Letter to William H. Seward, June 28, 1862 (CP p. 283)
  • Letter to Carl Schurz, Nov. 10, 1862, Basler, 660-663
  • Letter to Carl Schurz, Nov. 24, 1862, Basler, 664-666
  • Letter to James C. Conkling, Aug. 26, 1863, Basler, 720-725
  • Gettysburg Address, Nov. 19, 1863, Basler, 734
  • Letter to Charles D. Robinson, Aug. 17, 1864 (CP p. 285)
  • Memorandum on Probable Failure of Re-election, Aug. 23, 1864 (CP p. 287)
  • Letter to William T. Sherman, Sept. 19, 1864 (CP p. 289)
  • Letter to Henry W. Hoffman, Oct. 10, 1864, Basler, 759

Recommended Readings:

• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, ch. 14
• Silbey, A Respectable Minority

2:00 - 3:30pm:
Session 11 – Civil Liberties, North and South (Professor Raney)

Focus:

Lincoln claimed to be fighting a war that would lead to "a new birth of freedom," yet some claim he violated civil liberties on an unprecedented scale. How can a war for liberty be reconciled with such violations of civil liberties? Were the steps he took during the war constitutional? Why or why not? Was he ever a "dictator" as Clinton Rossiter has claimed? Compare and contrast Taney's opinion in ex parte Merryman and Lincoln's apologia in his letter to Erastus Corner and the New York Democrats.

Required Readings:

• Lincoln, Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus (CP p. 293)
• Roger B. Taney, Decision in Ex Parte Merryman from Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America during the Great Rebellion, 1860-1865 (CP p. 295)
• Lincoln to Erastus Corning and Others, June 12, 1863, Basler, 699-708
• Fehrenbacher, "Lincoln and the Constitution" (CP p. 305)
• Belz, "Lincoln and the Constitution: The Dictatorship Question Revisited" (CP p. 315)

Recommended Readings:

• Lincoln to Reverdy Johnson, April 24, 1861 (SCP p. 29)
• Lincoln to Winfield Scott, April 25, 1861 (SCP p. 31)
• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, ch. 20
• Neely, The Fate of Liberty

Thursday, July 24

9:00 - 10:30am:
Session 12 – Domestic Politics in the South (Professor Raney)

Focus:

The Confederate States seceded in order to preserve slavery and state sovereignty. Yet they immediately faced the need to establish a strong central government to sustain a modern war. This war threatened the very principles and institutions to which the new regime was dedicated. How did the Confederate leaders establish a new federal constitution and state governments? What domestic political problems did they encounter as they tried to carry on the war?

Required Readings:

• Johannsen and Venet eds., Union in Crisis, Chapter 17
• Alexander H. Stephens, Speech on the State of the Conferedacy (CP p. 335)
• The Constitution of the Confederate States of America (CP p. 345)
• Richard F. Bensel, "Southern Leviathan: The Development of Central State Authority in the CSA," Studies in American Political Development 2 (1986), 68-136 (CP p. 357)
• David Donald, "Died of Democracy," in Why the North Won the Civil War, David Donald, ed. (New York, 1960), 79-90 (CP p. 393)
• David M. Potter, "Jefferson Davis and the Political Factors in Confederate Defeat," ibid., 91-112 (CP p. 399)

Recommended Reading:

• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, chs. 14 and 23

10:45am - 12:15pm:
Session 13 – From Total War to Appomattox: 1863-1865 (Professor Raney)

Focus:

Historians argue that the conduct of the Civil War after 1863 adumbrates the total wars of the 20th century. How valid is this argument? Most historians have concluded that Union victory was assured by at least the fall of 1864 when Sherman captured Atlanta-greatly increasing Lincoln's prospects for reelection. Why did the Confederacy continue to resist after this point? Why did they give up when they did? Could resistance have continued? Did it in fact continue during Reconstruction?

Required Readings:

• Johannsen and Venet, eds., The Union in Crisis: 1850-1877, Chapters 15-16
• Jefferson Davis, Address to the People of the Confederate States of America, April 4, 1865 (CP p. 413)
• Robert E. Lee, Farewell Address to Army of Northern Virginia, April 10, 1865 (CP p. 415)
• Grimsley, Hard Hand of War, Chapters 7-9

Recommended Readings:

• Jones, Civil War Command & Strategy, 181-277
• Grant, Personal Memoirs, chs. 16-20
• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 666-688, 718-838, 844-852
• McPherson, For Cause and Comrades, 117-178
• Miers, ed., When the World Ended: The Diary of Emma LeConte
• Sherman, Memoirs, vol. II, chs. 15-22

2:00 - 3:30pm:
Session 14 – Lincoln and Wartime Restoration (Professor Norman)

Focus:

How did Lincoln propose to reunite the nation? On what terms would the ex-rebels be re-admitted into the Union? By 1865, had Lincoln's views on racial equality changed since the 1850s and the beginning of his presidency? How did Lincoln and Congress differ in their views of postwar policy on both substantive and procedural grounds?

Required Readings:

• Wade-Davis Manifesto (CP p. 419)
• Henry W. Halleck to William T. Sherman, Dec. 30, 1864 (CP p. 423)
• Sherman to Halleck, January 12, 1865 (CP p. 425)
• Special Field Order No. 15, Jan. 16, 1865 (CP p. 427)
• Lincoln Documents
  • Letter to August Belmont, July 31, 1862 (CP p. 427)
  • Letter to Benjamin F. Butler, et al., Oct. 14, 1862 (CP p. 429)
  • Letter to George F. Shepley, Nov. 21, 1862 (CP p. 431)
  • Letter to Nathaniel P. Banks, Aug. 5, 1863, Basler, 714-15
  • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, Dec. 8, 1863, Basler, 738-41
  • Letter to Thomas Cottman, Dec. 15, 1863 (CP p. 433)
  • Letter to Michael Hahn, March 13, 1864, Basler, 745
  • Letter to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864 (CP p. 435)
  • Letter to Charles Sumner, May 19, 1864 (CP p. 437)
  • Proclamation Concerning Reconstruction, July 8, 1864 (CP p. 439)
  • Letter to John McMahon, Aug. 6, 1864 (CP p. 441)
  • Letter to Nathaniel P. Banks, Aug. 9, 1864 (CP p. 443)
  • Letter to Stephen A. Hurlbut, Nov. 14, 1864 (CP p. 445)
  • Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865, Basler, 792-93
  • Speech to the 140th Indiana Regiment, March 17, 1865, Basler, 794-95
  • Last Public Address, April 11, 1865, Basler, 796-801

Recommended Readings:

• Foner, Reconstruction, 1-123
• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 698-717, 838-844

Friday, July 25

9:00 - 10:30am:
Session 15 – Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction Historiography (Professor Norman)

Focus:

How does Andrew Johnson's vision of Reconstruction compare and contrast with Lincoln? How have historical interpretations of Johnson and Reconstruction changed over the years? Why did Johnson and Republicans in Congress clash over Reconstruction policies?

Required Readings:

• Andrew Johnson, Proclamation of Amnesty, May 29, 1865 (CP p. 449)
• Johnson, Proclamation concerning the Re-admission of North Carolina, May 29, 1865 (CP p. 451)
• Johnson to William L. Sharkey, Aug. 15, 1865 (CP p. 453)
• Johnson, Veto of Civil Rights Bill, March 27, 1866 (CP p. 455)
• Civil Rights Act of 1866 (CP p. 459)
• Mississippi and North Carolina Black Codes (CP p. 461)

Recommended Readings:

• Foner, Reconstruction, 124-345

10:45am - 12:15pm:
Session 16 – Radical Reconstruction (Professor Norman)

Focus:

What caused Congress to turn to a more radical Reconstruction policy? How "radical" was Radical Reconstruction? What did it do and fail to do?

Required Readings:

• Reconstruction Acts (CP p. 473)
• Thaddeus Stevens, Speech in U.S. House, March 19, 1867 (CP p. 481)
• Enforcements Acts (CP p. 485)
• Richard H. Cain, Speech in U.S. House on Civil Rights Bill, Jan. 10, 1874 (CP p. 501)
• U.S. Grant, Message to Senate on Situation in Louisiana, Jan. 13, 1875 (CP p. 509)
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 (CP p. 523)
• Excerpts from James S. Pike, The Prostrate State (CP p. 525)

Recommended Readings:

• Foner, Reconstruction, 346-563

1:30 - 3:00pm:
Session 17 – Retreat from Reconstruction and Triumph of the "Lost Cause" (Professors Raney and Norman)

Focus:

Why was a new Reconstruction policy implemented by President Hayes in 1877? What were the results of this "New Departure?" Was Reconstruction a success, a failure, or an "unfinished revolution?" How has Reconstruction shaped the ways in which Americans have remembered and forgotten the Civil War?

Required Readings:

• Frederick Douglass, Speech at Unveiling of Freedmen's Monument in Washington, D.C., April 14, 1876 (CP p. 557)
• "The New Policy," Christian Union, April 18, 1877 (CP p. 565)
• Daniel H. Chamberlain on the "New Departure" (CP p. 567)
• Thomas Wentworth Higginson, "Some War Scenes Revisited" (CP p. 583)
• James G. Blaine, L.Q.C. Lamar, Alexander Stephens, and Wendell Phillips Reflect on African American Suffrage (CP p. 593)
• John M. Harlan, Dissenting Opinions in the Civil Rights Cases and Plessy v. Ferguson (CP p. 653)
• Paul Laurence Dunbar, "Robert Gould Shaw" (CP p. 685)

Recommended Readings:

• Foner, Reconstruction, 564-612